Using multi-frequency impedance spectroscopy across titanium-bone interfaces to verify osseointegration.
Colonization by Staphylococcus aureus creates cellular dielectric layers that alter electrical impedance at 10 kHz to 100 kHz. Embedded passive sensors detect infections weeks before symptoms appear on radiographs.
Instability at the bone-prosthesis boundary causes capacitive shifts under walking loads, alerting orthopedic surgeons to early aseptic loosening.